Week 11 · Classification
John Ashley Burgoyne
13 March 2019
compmus-w11.RmdSet-up
Be sure to update your installation of compmus before running this vignette.
We will be using the developing tidymodels framework for
integrating with the different machine-learning libraries in a
consistent manner.
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library(compmus)In order for the code below to run, it is also necessary to set up
Spotify login credentials for spotifyr.
Novelty Functions
For novelty functions, we want to work directly with the segments, and not summarise them at higher levels like Spotify’s own estimates of bar or beat.
pata_pata <-
get_tidy_audio_analysis('3uy90vHHATPjtdilshDQDt') %>%
select(segments) %>% unnest(segments)We can compute an energy-based novelty function based on Spotify’s loudness estimates. The tempo of this piece is about 126 BPM: how well does this technique work?
pata_pata %>%
mutate(loudness_max_time = start + loudness_max_time) %>%
arrange(loudness_max_time) %>%
mutate(delta_loudness = loudness_max - lag(loudness_max)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = loudness_max_time, y = pmax(0, delta_loudness))) +
geom_line() +
xlim(0, 30) +
theme_minimal() +
labs(x = 'Time (s)', y = 'Novelty')## Warning: Removed 576 rows containing missing values (`geom_line()`).
We can use similar approaches for chromagrams and cepstrograms. In the case of chromagrams, Aitchison’s clr transformation gives more sensible differences between time points. Even with these helpful transformations, however, self-similarity matrices tend to be more helpful visualisations of chroma and timbre from the Spotify API.
pata_pata %>%
mutate(pitches = map(pitches, compmus_normalise, 'clr')) %>%
arrange(start) %>%
mutate(pitches = map2(pitches, lag(pitches), `-`)) %>%
slice(-1) %>%
compmus_gather_chroma %>%
ggplot(
aes(
x = start + duration / 2,
width = duration,
y = pitch_class,
fill = pmax(0, value))) +
geom_tile() +
scale_fill_viridis_c(option = 'E', guide = 'none') +
xlim(0, 30) +
labs(x = 'Time (s)', y = NULL, fill = 'Magnitude') +
theme_classic()## Warning: Removed 6912 rows containing missing values (`geom_tile()`).
pata_pata %>%
arrange(start) %>%
mutate(timbre = map2(timbre, lag(timbre), `-`)) %>%
slice(-1) %>%
compmus_gather_timbre %>%
ggplot(
aes(
x = start + duration / 2,
width = duration,
y = basis,
fill = pmax(0, value))) +
geom_tile() +
scale_fill_viridis_c(option = 'E', guide = 'none') +
xlim(0, 30) +
labs(x = 'Time (s)', y = NULL, fill = 'Magnitude') +
theme_classic()## Warning: Removed 6912 rows containing missing values (`geom_tile()`).
Find a Spotify track that has a regular tempo but lacks percussion (e.g., much Western classical music), and compute the above three representations. How do they differ from what you see for ‘Pata Pata’?
Tempograms
Spotify does not make the novelty function underlying their own tempo
analysis available to the public, but we can still use onsets of every
segment to generate Fourier tempograms. The tempogram()
function from compmus generates this automatically from an
audio analysis, ready to plot with geom_raster (a faster
version of geom_tile for when every segment has the same
length). Here is an example of ‘Samba do outro lugar’, a track from the
Brazilian indie band Graveola that features several tempo and metre
alternations.
graveola <- get_tidy_audio_analysis('6PJasPKAzNLSOzxeAH33j2')
graveola %>%
tempogram(window_size = 8, hop_size = 1, cyclic = FALSE) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = time, y = bpm, fill = power)) +
geom_raster() +
scale_fill_viridis_c(guide = 'none') +
labs(x = 'Time (s)', y = 'Tempo (BPM)') +
theme_classic()
The textbook notes that Fourier-based tempograms tend to pick up strongly on tempo harmonics. Wrapping into a cyclic tempogram can be more informative.
graveola %>%
tempogram(window_size = 8, hop_size = 1, cyclic = TRUE) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = time, y = bpm, fill = power)) +
geom_raster() +
scale_fill_viridis_c(guide = 'none') +
labs(x = 'Time (s)', y = 'Tempo (BPM)') +
theme_classic()
Classification
In order to demonstrate some of the principles of classification, we will try to identify some of the features that Spotify uses to designate playlists as ‘workout’ playlists. For a full analysis, we would need to delve deeper, but let’s start with a comparison of three playlists: Indie Pop, Indie Party, and Indie Running. For speed, this example will work with only the first 20 songs from each playlist, but you should feel free to use more if your computer can handle it.
pop <-
get_playlist_audio_features('spotify', '37i9dQZF1DWWEcRhUVtL8n') %>%
slice(1:20) %>%
add_audio_analysis
party <-
get_playlist_audio_features('spotify', '37i9dQZF1DWTujiC7wfofZ') %>%
slice(1:20) %>%
add_audio_analysis
workout <-
get_playlist_audio_features('spotify', '37i9dQZF1DWZq91oLsHZvy') %>%
slice(1:20) %>%
add_audio_analysisAs you think about this lab session – and your portfolio – think about the four kinds of validity that Sturm and Wiggins discussed in our reading for this week. Do these projects have:
- Statistical validity [somewhat beyond the scope of this course]?
- Content validity?
- Internal validity?
- External validity?
We bind the three playlists together using the trick from Week 7,
transpose the chroma vectors to a common tonic using the
compmus_c_transpose function, and then summarise the
vectors like we did when generating chromagrams and cepstrograms. Again,
Aitchison’s clr transformation can help with chroma.
indie <-
pop %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie Pop") %>%
bind_rows(
party %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie Party"),
workout %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie x Running")) %>%
mutate(playlist = factor(playlist)) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map2(segments, key, compmus_c_transpose)) %>%
mutate(
pitches =
map(segments,
compmus_summarise, pitches,
method = 'mean', norm = 'manhattan'),
timbre =
map(
segments,
compmus_summarise, timbre,
method = 'mean')) %>%
mutate(pitches = map(pitches, compmus_normalise, 'clr')) %>%
mutate_at(vars(pitches, timbre), map, bind_rows) %>%
unnest(cols = c(pitches, timbre))Pre-processing
In the tidyverse approach, we can preprocess data with a
recipe specifying what we are predicting and what variables
we think might be useful for that prediction. Then we use
step functions to do any data clean (usually centering and
scaling, but step_range is a viable alternative that
squeezes everything to be between 0 and 1). Finally we prep
and juice the data.
indie_class <-
recipe(playlist ~
danceability +
energy +
loudness +
speechiness +
acousticness +
instrumentalness +
liveness +
valence +
tempo +
track.duration_ms +
C + `C#|Db` + D + `D#|Eb` +
E + `F` + `F#|Gb` + G +
`G#|Ab` + A + `A#|Bb` + B +
c01 + c02 + c03 + c04 + c05 + c06 +
c07 + c08 + c09 + c10 + c11 + c12,
data = indie) %>%
step_center(all_predictors()) %>%
step_scale(all_predictors()) %>%
# step_range(all_predictors()) %>%
prep(indie) %>%
juiceCross-Validation
The vfold_cv function sets up cross-validation. We will
use 5-fold cross-validation here in the interest of spped, but 10-fold
cross-validation is more typical.
indie_cv <- indie_class %>% vfold_cv(5)Classification Algorithms
Your DataCamp tutorials this week introduced four classical
algorithms for classification: \(k\)-nearest neighbour, naive Bayes,
logistic regression, and decision trees. Other than naive Bayes, all of
them can be implemented more simply in tidymodels. In order
to use cross-validation, however, we need to write some local helper
functions to fit the classifier on the training sets,
predict the labels for the test/validation sets, and
bind the results to the original data.
\(k\)-Nearest Neighbour
A \(k\)-nearest neighbour classifier often works just fine with only one neighbour. It is very sensitive to the choice of features, however. Let’s check the performance as a baseline and come back to it later.
indie_knn <-
nearest_neighbor(mode = 'classification', neighbors = 1) %>%
set_engine('kknn')
predict_knn <- function(split)
fit(indie_knn, playlist ~ ., data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))After a little awkwardness with cross-validation, we can use
conf_mat to get a confusion matrix.
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
conf_mat(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## Truth
## Prediction Indie Party Indie Pop Indie x Running
## Indie Party 7 8 6
## Indie Pop 4 10 7
## Indie x Running 9 2 7These matrices autoplot in two forms.
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
conf_mat(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class) %>%
autoplot(type = 'mosaic')
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
conf_mat(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class) %>%
autoplot(type = 'heatmap')
We can also compute statistics like accuracy, Cohen’s kappa, or the J-measure.
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
metric_set(accuracy, kap, j_index)(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## # A tibble: 3 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 accuracy multiclass 0.4
## 2 kap multiclass 0.1
## 3 j_index macro 0.1Logistic and Multinomial Regression
In the two-class case, we use logistic regression, but beware if you have more than two classes! R will just build a classifier for the first two without warning.
indie_logistic <- logistic_reg() %>% set_engine('glm')
predict_logistic <- function(split)
fit(indie_logistic, playlist ~ ., data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))With three or more classes, we need multinomial regression instead. You can adjust the penalty parameter if you are feeling adventurous.
indie_multinom <- multinom_reg(penalty = 0.1) %>% set_engine('glmnet')
predict_multinom <- function(split)
fit(indie_multinom, playlist ~ ., data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))It is not a strong classifier for this problem.
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_multinom)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
metric_set(accuracy, kap, j_index)(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## # A tibble: 3 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 accuracy multiclass 0.467
## 2 kap multiclass 0.2
## 3 j_index macro 0.200We can look at the most important features in the model by using the
coef method.
## $`Indie Party`
## 35 x 100 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"## [[ suppressing 100 column names 's0', 's1', 's2' ... ]]##
## 5.20417e-17 0.000760391 0.00257862 0.004960463 0.007456988
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.009962983 0.01240122 0.0146692 0.0167831 0.01882878
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.02076141 0.0241273 0.02902415 0.03363323 0.03859974
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . 0.02473563 0.06302270
## tempo . . . -0.03148336 -0.06633460
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . -0.01325518 -0.04923931 -0.07283337
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.04526595 0.05264265 0.06032010 0.06883695 0.076955031
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . -0.02004787 -0.06187908 -0.09657563 -0.130790913
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.10433796 0.14478263 0.17897670 0.20610454 0.223966695
## tempo -0.09331544 -0.11562249 -0.13736480 -0.14793782 -0.139824109
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . 0.02380555 0.045021747
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . -0.001251385
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.08907508 -0.09688449 -0.10077433 -0.10550481 -0.105892828
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.08253009 0.08690710 0.08977454 0.0915495449 0.09141662
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.15243861 -0.17358574 -0.19585507 -0.2160258414 -0.22812666
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.23834481 0.25210153 0.26841207 0.2795681187 0.30693181
## tempo -0.13400413 -0.13233581 -0.13538534 -0.1381373560 -0.14059302
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 0.01811949 0.04749485 0.08195455 0.1122953759 0.12816306
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 0.07454818 0.10559583 0.13820351 0.1751235508 0.21545458
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . -0.0006352606 -0.02176743
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . 0.0158887900 0.03909837
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -0.03579222 -0.06829282 -0.09934997 -0.1331684729 -0.17732821
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.10020763 -0.09376658 -0.08751022 -0.0836446224 -0.08308611
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . -0.0009057187 -0.02645372
##
## 0.10155188 0.11603201 0.13362779 0.15144368 0.16974346
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.23618297 -0.25138807 -0.27343975 -0.31256532 -0.35479047
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.33626659 0.37526171 0.40783511 0.43865154 0.46981837
## tempo -0.14141608 -0.13547429 -0.13135281 -0.12436695 -0.12539701
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 0.13471029 0.13438917 0.13978435 0.13374542 0.12416621
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 0.25653382 0.30058935 0.35409298 0.40818853 0.45865320
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G -0.05314522 -0.07271830 -0.08024478 -0.08592074 -0.09153696
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 0.09937815 0.13169452 0.14416026 0.16315048 0.18102370
## c03 . . . -0.09054841 -0.19532748
## c04 . 0.05424187 0.13717854 0.25130975 0.36593443
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -0.23844567 -0.28290542 -0.31976340 -0.35578901 -0.38937152
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.07748102 -0.07646327 -0.07598720 -0.06497406 -0.05692502
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . -0.01791811 -0.02649791 -0.02584033 -0.02725807
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 -0.05336911 -0.07547844 -0.09563942 -0.11659967 -0.13512676
##
## 0.1909060291 0.21501150 0.24194460 0.27072495 0.30081184
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.3912646833 -0.42683022 -0.45147132 -0.46719149 -0.48050313
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.5062519788 0.53773190 0.56781441 0.61750013 0.64926104
## tempo -0.1455474288 -0.16689049 -0.18675131 -0.21226837 -0.24015410
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 0.1034451584 0.07599871 0.04483096 . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 0.4985519409 0.53346626 0.57865624 0.62708891 0.69561887
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G -0.1046566278 -0.12587683 -0.16512176 -0.22128862 -0.24111415
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.0007378244 -0.02020071 -0.07063203 -0.12650729 -0.16153262
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 0.2066094214 0.22638088 0.28710378 0.36760739 0.42909292
## c03 -0.3052113619 -0.42222882 -0.53476036 -0.65629337 -0.75317544
## c04 0.4710802815 0.57512137 0.67204337 0.76791722 0.86128595
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -0.4241851032 -0.45863232 -0.51449413 -0.57246548 -0.62195773
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.0555932733 -0.05054475 -0.04256031 -0.03545988 -0.02805626
## c09 . . 0.06377895 0.14726331 0.22293163
## c10 -0.0343104940 -0.03911347 -0.05199078 -0.08293908 -0.09948498
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 -0.1505669755 -0.17007928 -0.18810690 -0.20973497 -0.23031167
##
## 0.33538261 0.374383550 0.413882860 0.45356121 0.49327390
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.49218620 -0.498325978 -0.510674474 -0.52909758 -0.54559109
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.66040595 0.685451367 0.717050997 0.72652322 0.73022409
## tempo -0.26555106 -0.286613346 -0.305883828 -0.33620146 -0.37726651
## track.duration_ms . 0.031983224 0.102829867 0.17546613 0.24839518
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 0.76159778 0.835956314 0.922250344 1.00826094 1.09744021
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G -0.25666128 -0.274321087 -0.290380224 -0.30271067 -0.31882338
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.18972834 -0.218079402 -0.231917019 -0.22863019 -0.21973279
## c01 . . 0.007874561 0.05193910 0.09924219
## c02 0.48901105 0.543183161 0.611296562 0.70047723 0.79366256
## c03 -0.82355103 -0.909919726 -1.031661041 -1.17989700 -1.35315677
## c04 0.92966606 1.012535672 1.128069620 1.25938821 1.41358350
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -0.67361970 -0.726721488 -0.772886782 -0.81051421 -0.84349104
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.02054041 -0.007729012 . . .
## c09 0.28575640 0.352613874 0.421976807 0.48424863 0.55228862
## c10 -0.11196166 -0.109645542 -0.085926990 -0.05967879 -0.02414164
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 -0.24817965 -0.267157624 -0.291471889 -0.31860325 -0.34968550
##
## 0.5269279 0.5620802692 0.6023573891 0.6450891357
## danceability . . . .
## energy . . . .
## loudness . . . .
## speechiness -0.5654333 -0.6042670660 -0.6555409685 -0.7107519408
## acousticness . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . .
## liveness . . . .
## valence 0.7212791 0.7086389943 0.7175898328 0.7310152132
## tempo -0.4223792 -0.4593336675 -0.4803182449 -0.4943282539
## track.duration_ms 0.3104240 0.3585791769 0.4034105620 0.4454152687
## C . -0.0009741221 -0.0000236621 .
## `C#|Db` . . . .
## D . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . .
## E . . . .
## F 1.1807407 1.2593383599 1.3445493026 1.4320173941
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G -0.3438119 -0.3605060523 -0.3679968592 -0.3732752451
## `G#|Ab` . . . 0.0002084047
## A . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . .
## B -0.2191180 -0.2322837773 -0.2593839884 -0.2889051025
## c01 0.1497103 0.1921882221 0.2341050884 0.2742941887
## c02 0.8981476 0.9900123832 1.0651844684 1.1367806176
## c03 -1.5519175 -1.7345199315 -1.8732121175 -1.9987068816
## c04 1.5787468 1.7268492446 1.8287643128 1.9175203793
## c05 . . . .
## c06 -0.8893112 -0.9366546688 -0.9678668935 -0.9950096291
## c07 . . . .
## c08 . . . .
## c09 0.6312097 0.7067233701 0.7515398060 0.7917669622
## c10 . . . .
## c11 . . . .
## c12 -0.3846070 -0.4205166190 -0.4662999266 -0.5144498970
##
## 0.68554106 0.72550171 0.768199597 0.810328457 0.85268144
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . 0.001017284 0.015426055 0.02243309
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.79095225 -0.89041164 -0.984509478 -1.051120956 -1.07490329
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.75119284 0.77606510 0.807189627 0.848836624 0.89517040
## tempo -0.50969961 -0.52010841 -0.534744011 -0.570281110 -0.61790222
## track.duration_ms 0.50545386 0.58570741 0.671475338 0.754689733 0.83166487
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 1.52899759 1.63532674 1.735255096 1.841053181 1.93867791
## `F#|Gb` 0.03926604 0.12352642 0.218201433 0.292181261 0.34701494
## G -0.39917760 -0.44678817 -0.502448133 -0.592564664 -0.69095074
## `G#|Ab` 0.02753488 0.06603381 0.101266604 0.150256802 0.19412943
## A 0.01804620 0.10180113 0.200573345 0.292894105 0.36487465
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.29119019 -0.26937171 -0.241751583 -0.212597566 -0.18014000
## c01 0.31808853 0.36433666 0.409083729 0.444965839 0.49104498
## c02 1.21625575 1.29927759 1.381431104 1.501810731 1.63866516
## c03 -2.12337978 -2.26015810 -2.401327840 -2.563741103 -2.73202506
## c04 1.99418514 2.06278068 2.134365725 2.189692014 2.24653550
## c05 . . -0.011473277 -0.002948721 .
## c06 -1.02157154 -1.04499536 -1.077715819 -1.105647646 -1.13354272
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 0.83856824 0.89158298 0.952002104 1.033529076 1.12435111
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . 0.038713027 0.12203148
## c12 -0.55266932 -0.58039380 -0.606399527 -0.633860231 -0.66720805
##
## 0.89788920 0.94424051 0.9908032525 1.03880271 1.08649849
## danceability . . -0.0008875097 -0.02503944 -0.05395207
## energy 0.02782324 0.03424012 0.0425483985 0.05157526 0.06161927
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -1.08285989 -1.08256837 -1.0763558056 -1.06628096 -1.05550387
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 0.94617622 1.00097368 1.0591833281 1.12957640 1.20189422
## tempo -0.67281798 -0.73216567 -0.7934401985 -0.85243555 -0.90786570
## track.duration_ms 0.90069285 0.96102786 1.0143511981 1.06670946 1.12006720
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 2.02557302 2.10449423 2.1769365717 2.24920344 2.32517886
## `F#|Gb` 0.38518070 0.40900282 0.4206986476 0.42713462 0.43351192
## G -0.79636406 -0.91008626 -1.0301514841 -1.14652080 -1.25639634
## `G#|Ab` 0.22759111 0.25382321 0.2723871933 0.28616905 0.30030207
## A 0.41518949 0.44613619 0.4605198614 0.47376855 0.48859320
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.16276753 -0.15931453 -0.1686438210 -0.18678836 -0.20375861
## c01 0.53498679 0.57451487 0.6094633683 0.64037483 0.67055413
## c02 1.78307935 1.93526755 2.0942961798 2.24564357 2.38972342
## c03 -2.89029910 -3.03568779 -3.1729426553 -3.31583328 -3.46068095
## c04 2.30413128 2.35942643 2.4155375288 2.48022389 2.54759351
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -1.17086411 -1.21723682 -1.2720872150 -1.32521253 -1.37505899
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 1.21571866 1.30615296 1.3946208558 1.48833665 1.58274234
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 0.20820495 0.29334259 0.3769931364 0.45643983 0.53582185
## c12 -0.70667085 -0.74976777 -0.7963702891 -0.84556999 -0.89519467
##
## 1.13392816 1.18089770 1.228481529 1.27925582 1.33164455
## danceability -0.08320566 -0.11267683 -0.141392304 -0.17323863 -0.20440254
## energy 0.07187127 0.08187032 0.092132980 0.10589246 0.11676337
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -1.04404007 -1.03284141 -1.019858463 -1.00456238 -0.98857692
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 1.27468223 1.34701589 1.419020248 1.49515239 1.57153652
## tempo -0.96177115 -1.01315562 -1.063993367 -1.11743611 -1.16763891
## track.duration_ms 1.17298688 1.22686453 1.278530822 1.32276900 1.36577438
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 2.40276635 2.48351296 2.564803778 2.64538808 2.72657516
## `F#|Gb` 0.43835332 0.44439878 0.447093675 0.44344138 0.44037044
## G -1.36338984 -1.46585168 -1.568085327 -1.67770843 -1.78430844
## `G#|Ab` 0.31418302 0.32932967 0.343978974 0.36245579 0.38107632
## A 0.50212730 0.51830216 0.529797827 0.52912097 0.53038017
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.22157491 -0.23699156 -0.255515768 -0.28114629 -0.30831841
## c01 0.70002249 0.73006000 0.760646190 0.78547462 0.81038152
## c02 2.53009504 2.66543729 2.798519699 2.93481251 3.06447135
## c03 -3.60413298 -3.74833962 -3.887798979 -4.00327528 -4.11401561
## c04 2.61604178 2.68565348 2.753457418 2.80617929 2.85472067
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -1.42460517 -1.47211195 -1.521485146 -1.57766018 -1.63150343
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . -0.004983758 -0.02866656 -0.05328102
## c09 1.67600991 1.76791836 1.856415178 1.94376407 2.02852159
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 0.61430248 0.69264361 0.767899968 0.83010578 0.88754910
## c12 -0.94527090 -0.99499824 -1.044325694 -1.09118058 -1.13685476
##
## 1.38465314 1.4377898 1.4908448 1.5434210 1.5955588
## danceability -0.23428050 -0.2638965 -0.2934486 -0.3237848 -0.3548051
## energy 0.12640846 0.1338038 0.1398777 0.1455911 0.1515124
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.97223154 -0.9553725 -0.9386944 -0.9229376 -0.9093009
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 1.64767176 1.7229229 1.7973857 1.8713964 1.9447142
## tempo -1.21695369 -1.2646660 -1.3109573 -1.3557441 -1.3982705
## track.duration_ms 1.40714374 1.4486335 1.4903002 1.5324898 1.5753458
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 2.80724851 2.8894000 2.9728933 3.0577608 3.1441215
## `F#|Gb` 0.43526523 0.4300785 0.4245571 0.4190057 0.4134333
## G -1.89008166 -1.9923315 -2.0913029 -2.1870432 -2.2794657
## `G#|Ab` 0.39880160 0.4168202 0.4350922 0.4536046 0.4722069
## A 0.52928245 0.5299043 0.5315452 0.5345145 0.5387421
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.33854997 -0.3684436 -0.3981747 -0.4275896 -0.4569624
## c01 0.83469171 0.8603628 0.8866423 0.9129338 0.9386525
## c02 3.19120498 3.3134219 3.4312490 3.5446931 3.6528979
## c03 -4.22124902 -4.3298080 -4.4394674 -4.5510320 -4.6637164
## c04 2.90197458 2.9504741 3.0004441 3.0525769 3.1068365
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -1.68556658 -1.7373068 -1.7869795 -1.8347453 -1.8804961
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.07834006 -0.1024910 -0.1258109 -0.1481043 -0.1695634
## c09 2.11124913 2.1926552 2.2731100 2.3529461 2.4320357
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 0.94185406 0.9958069 1.0493732 1.1024511 1.1546212
## c12 -1.18236393 -1.2277613 -1.2731463 -1.3184657 -1.3637746
##
## 1.6476392 1.6991048 1.7527169 1.8048923 1.8566773
## danceability -0.3853951 -0.4162815 -0.4430874 -0.4695521 -0.4959975
## energy 0.1562373 0.1605068 0.1617835 0.1610496 0.1601218
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness -0.8956596 -0.8868007 -0.8783038 -0.8772878 -0.8717563
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 2.0175441 2.0886794 2.1546908 2.2139339 2.2712974
## tempo -1.4399661 -1.4775357 -1.5125976 -1.5419714 -1.5728857
## track.duration_ms 1.6184274 1.6620531 1.7039578 1.7461468 1.7884207
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 3.2316011 3.3201733 3.4101016 3.5023623 3.5972298
## `F#|Gb` 0.4077002 0.4045906 0.4019502 0.4051830 0.4033998
## G -2.3696745 -2.4560207 -2.5424747 -2.6222039 -2.7025679
## `G#|Ab` 0.4913729 0.5115030 0.5343111 0.5604455 0.5860661
## A 0.5436480 0.5520896 0.5584726 0.5706768 0.5778180
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.4858079 -0.5124266 -0.5375495 -0.5543800 -0.5737994
## c01 0.9649194 0.9903998 1.0159707 1.0435608 1.0747102
## c02 3.7582349 3.8575564 3.9531521 4.0410255 4.1321401
## c03 -4.7764192 -4.8878146 -4.9922906 -5.0993365 -5.2173005
## c04 3.1617504 3.2169556 3.2730803 3.3349254 3.4061592
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -1.9247238 -1.9663110 -2.0072509 -2.0435395 -2.0811959
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.1903848 -0.2108611 -0.2273388 -0.2387901 -0.2469078
## c09 2.5102234 2.5860632 2.6572237 2.7223964 2.7887823
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 1.2068874 1.2571135 1.3046547 1.3516989 1.4023676
## c12 -1.4090465 -1.4533701 -1.4962885 -1.5368083 -1.5783653
##
## 1.905440902 1.95581797 2.0046503 2.05292447 2.0990373
## danceability -0.521845118 -0.54562780 -0.5681951 -0.58922030 -0.6108415
## energy 0.155607250 0.15313154 0.1516679 0.14887656 0.1464891
## loudness -0.005186999 -0.02460552 -0.0536943 -0.08657872 -0.1251274
## speechiness -0.869599525 -0.85563110 -0.8521103 -0.84467934 -0.8426546
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 2.322939575 2.37411060 2.4200221 2.46483337 2.5075685
## tempo -1.599238695 -1.62958373 -1.6533788 -1.67812960 -1.6993541
## track.duration_ms 1.830980471 1.87625265 1.9202494 1.96549283 2.0105752
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 3.691798508 3.79091530 3.8891833 3.98801840 4.0857817
## `F#|Gb` 0.405541366 0.40256914 0.4044584 0.40192240 0.4025548
## G -2.774665173 -2.84954100 -2.9181216 -2.98696678 -3.0507613
## `G#|Ab` 0.612716962 0.63790919 0.6651991 0.69096526 0.7176874
## A 0.588763279 0.59514398 0.6037520 0.60653940 0.6116923
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.585338170 -0.60511300 -0.6201419 -0.63803812 -0.6525811
## c01 1.116110488 1.16965464 1.2295747 1.29624643 1.3663923
## c02 4.219197933 4.31010480 4.3915251 4.47538853 4.5532012
## c03 -5.339920585 -5.47439584 -5.6012547 -5.73510250 -5.8673747
## c04 3.482248102 3.56668024 3.6502367 3.74101858 3.8324694
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -2.116586885 -2.15334038 -2.1872702 -2.22390497 -2.2585015
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.252861987 -0.25598341 -0.2607580 -0.26359555 -0.2668547
## c09 2.851798110 2.91961454 2.9821474 3.04551303 3.1061397
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 1.453483655 1.50740686 1.5557125 1.60656801 1.6552942
## c12 -1.617407176 -1.65867009 -1.6958221 -1.73436406 -1.7710399
##
## 2.1450137 2.1893191 2.2324837 2.2740725 2.3169461
## danceability -0.6322506 -0.6528941 -0.6750985 -0.6977531 -0.7198578
## energy 0.1443191 0.1425494 0.1406243 0.1391378 0.1406581
## loudness -0.1684490 -0.2131091 -0.2613486 -0.3117375 -0.3618286
## speechiness -0.8451539 -0.8497998 -0.8557574 -0.8647719 -0.8710250
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 2.5474888 2.5878277 2.6270056 2.6668034 2.7074532
## tempo -1.7181461 -1.7354207 -1.7511053 -1.7649918 -1.7791523
## track.duration_ms 2.0564152 2.1034685 2.1511505 2.2002155 2.2509952
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 4.1854160 4.2862044 4.3866872 4.4878047 4.5911464
## `F#|Gb` 0.4046951 0.4059555 0.4092018 0.4127410 0.4129880
## G -3.1107142 -3.1688902 -3.2228146 -3.2733817 -3.3250556
## `G#|Ab` 0.7451438 0.7727938 0.8004933 0.8281741 0.8541016
## A 0.6180645 0.6234392 0.6312006 0.6398300 0.6435274
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.6650330 -0.6779714 -0.6881325 -0.6966140 -0.7087351
## c01 1.4412041 1.5175716 1.5970361 1.6787116 1.7605478
## c02 4.6276653 4.7001416 4.7699655 4.8378330 4.9054817
## c03 -5.9997323 -6.1324075 -6.2670627 -6.4033117 -6.5425428
## c04 3.9258011 4.0208495 4.1176571 4.2157588 4.3173500
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 -2.2901963 -2.3210033 -2.3501633 -2.3774745 -2.4059522
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.2708357 -0.2749826 -0.2787066 -0.2829295 -0.2855870
## c09 3.1660501 3.2251628 3.2837407 3.3427723 3.4035127
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 1.7038308 1.7526290 1.8018932 1.8519567 1.9040342
## c12 -1.8067093 -1.8423405 -1.8773776 -1.9124405 -1.9489633
##
## 2.3579778 2.3986304 2.4394187 2.4809624476 2.522420385
## danceability -0.7437478 -0.7678226 -0.7934948 -0.8187048870 -0.842457384
## energy 0.1425318 0.1456014 0.1512468 0.1599912560 0.170549078
## loudness -0.4121316 -0.4647647 -0.5186497 -0.5688648555 -0.612182469
## speechiness -0.8834553 -0.8938680 -0.8973494 -0.9000937919 -0.900912053
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 2.7470867 2.7886882 2.8307923 2.8738538902 2.918763974
## tempo -1.7896740 -1.8004361 -1.8116523 -1.8226036292 -1.836748665
## track.duration_ms 2.3001956 2.3521814 2.4033858 2.4517654270 2.498830983
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 4.6908598 4.7946732 4.8976528 5.0003545705 5.104064851
## `F#|Gb` 0.4162678 0.4168681 0.4157612 0.4147381793 0.413920189
## G -3.3702167 -3.4174146 -3.4623503 -3.5024433281 -3.541849755
## `G#|Ab` 0.8798387 0.9067272 0.9315934 0.9555554043 0.979489994
## A 0.6517616 0.6566614 0.6609206 0.6683922934 0.676358699
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.7170965 -0.7281616 -0.7414309 -0.7532903597 -0.764413519
## c01 1.8393344 1.9229192 2.0051371 2.0798065138 2.149415276
## c02 4.9669865 5.0298449 5.0888528 5.1397464216 5.185507778
## c03 -6.6750297 -6.8141074 -6.9538661 -7.0884239747 -7.220937653
## c04 4.4128963 4.5143608 4.6147467 4.7099646715 4.804372736
## c05 . . . -0.0001158207 -0.005083826
## c06 -2.4316989 -2.4585710 -2.4846313 -2.5055361292 -2.526424016
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 -0.2904988 -0.2940053 -0.2961729 -0.2951707204 -0.296918442
## c09 3.4600907 3.5201579 3.5796941 3.6359117907 3.691248403
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 1.9519212 2.0030008 2.0539782 2.1051345453 2.158244709
## c12 -1.9830702 -2.0190486 -2.0545738 -2.0881055440 -2.122563586
##
## 2.5627021 2.60204775 2.64257020 2.683319940 2.72429000
## danceability -0.8657524 -0.88797181 -0.90745433 -0.923485396 -0.93961312
## energy 0.1811971 0.19279810 0.20751404 0.223517287 0.23970045
## loudness -0.6545733 -0.69414154 -0.72911177 -0.757829561 -0.78671782
## speechiness -0.9019425 -0.90508467 -0.90742363 -0.908634005 -0.91010685
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 2.9632746 3.00766419 3.05267701 3.094742878 3.13534270
## tempo -1.8514323 -1.86587097 -1.88074766 -1.896083407 -1.91196079
## track.duration_ms 2.5450120 2.58906292 2.63126159 2.667636894 2.70307728
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 5.2054341 5.30467301 5.40586185 5.494233462 5.57967612
## `F#|Gb` 0.4132894 0.41147120 0.40481038 0.398417727 0.39061433
## G -3.5808222 -3.61904635 -3.66035337 -3.702753122 -3.74398302
## `G#|Ab` 1.0015822 1.02215072 1.04156309 1.055722753 1.06668317
## A 0.6817331 0.68382535 0.67817279 0.664650129 0.65104208
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.7769176 -0.78991944 -0.80879173 -0.828988846 -0.85354879
## c01 2.2163901 2.27801094 2.33536427 2.382776414 2.43025035
## c02 5.2285157 5.26753928 5.30353363 5.331182986 5.35565575
## c03 -7.3502903 -7.47390077 -7.59294712 -7.695185133 -7.79559410
## c04 4.8991359 4.99257358 5.08717616 5.169385115 5.25061382
## c05 -0.0114890 -0.01910488 -0.02729403 -0.035532795 -0.04434373
## c06 -2.5494845 -2.57394698 -2.60092735 -2.630709271 -2.66201373
## c07 . . . -0.002809888 -0.01042697
## c08 -0.3009964 -0.30690770 -0.31317650 -0.319472712 -0.32648704
## c09 3.7453452 3.79720604 3.84782888 3.890475227 3.93236357
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 2.2101800 2.26060610 2.31082808 2.353081490 2.39057404
## c12 -2.1583956 -2.19377441 -2.22980178 -2.263526582 -2.29764212
##
## 2.76545709 2.80823985 2.85180755 2.89080927 2.91770591
## danceability -0.95661094 -0.97078892 -0.98345728 -0.99147772 -1.00261356
## energy 0.25625899 0.27259512 0.29000317 0.30732544 0.31851542
## loudness -0.81670355 -0.84294420 -0.86811359 -0.89129961 -0.91921948
## speechiness -0.90976174 -0.91176994 -0.91281266 -0.91451354 -0.92465600
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence 3.17449684 3.21149511 3.24963168 3.28683363 3.30744622
## tempo -1.92771625 -1.94109220 -1.95447953 -1.96846128 -1.97837264
## track.duration_ms 2.73805088 2.76840071 2.79778070 2.82056246 2.83949317
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F 5.66237876 5.73971210 5.82020602 5.89561404 5.94322694
## `F#|Gb` 0.38178468 0.37186991 0.36078287 0.35059838 0.35411375
## G -3.78423982 -3.82351664 -3.86444982 -3.90457690 -3.93047445
## `G#|Ab` 1.07537827 1.08226080 1.08876858 1.09617195 1.10301407
## A 0.63525953 0.61854005 0.59996103 0.58072810 0.56820166
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B -0.88085395 -0.91096504 -0.94371321 -0.97510045 -0.98715775
## c01 2.47788516 2.51959309 2.56150700 2.59903135 2.62752907
## c02 5.37743197 5.39444626 5.40952323 5.42030080 5.42679508
## c03 -7.89445234 -7.98077341 -8.06596437 -8.14173770 -8.19987015
## c04 5.33177085 5.40420113 5.47725546 5.54566163 5.59542299
## c05 -0.05329366 -0.06178461 -0.07083773 -0.07939688 -0.08579187
## c06 -2.69432300 -2.72436996 -2.75563127 -2.78622179 -2.81050190
## c07 -0.02029213 -0.03122479 -0.04371854 -0.05720949 -0.06808620
## c08 -0.33427375 -0.34336999 -0.35371950 -0.36385543 -0.37335220
## c09 3.97378685 4.01023896 4.04575915 4.07801139 4.10453703
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 2.42517255 2.45383695 2.48168825 2.50813421 2.52248589
## c12 -2.33196589 -2.36227244 -2.39315547 -2.42218332 -2.44324783
##
## 2.94898379 2.97833044 3.022473e+00 3.0447837729
## danceability -0.99357040 -0.97899263 -9.620319e-01 -0.9302344988
## energy 0.33191312 0.34349532 3.533665e-01 0.3620871608
## loudness -0.95516431 -0.98811594 -1.016003e+00 -1.0380847461
## speechiness -0.95301358 -0.98227210 -1.015851e+00 -1.0540491368
## acousticness . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . .
## liveness . . . .
## valence 3.33337919 3.35907751 3.383337e+00 3.4091205273
## tempo -1.98635704 -1.99155215 -1.995840e+00 -2.0028256631
## track.duration_ms 2.86717693 2.89352189 2.915921e+00 2.9371497287
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . .
## D . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . .
## E . . . .
## F 6.01295946 6.08917732 6.153733e+00 6.2489909157
## `F#|Gb` 0.35941629 0.36225904 3.609886e-01 0.3608157916
## G -3.95485277 -3.97900538 -4.005912e+00 -4.0329626051
## `G#|Ab` 1.11684147 1.13146450 1.138892e+00 1.1542796915
## A 0.56374058 0.56198275 5.600506e-01 0.5535214757
## `A#|Bb` . . . .
## B -1.00331118 -1.02273132 -1.044594e+00 -1.0684195700
## c01 2.66436337 2.69805164 2.724404e+00 2.7538158344
## c02 5.43709232 5.44437458 5.449345e+00 5.4509302792
## c03 -8.27985160 -8.35589381 -8.419394e+00 -8.4811939104
## c04 5.66555052 5.73411038 5.788322e+00 5.8499690346
## c05 -0.09574325 -0.10546060 -1.140390e-01 -0.1239867069
## c06 -2.83909898 -2.86862745 -2.893100e+00 -2.9258060455
## c07 -0.06487709 -0.05645013 -5.194107e-02 -0.0466156598
## c08 -0.38681417 -0.39855153 -4.109065e-01 -0.4269778944
## c09 4.14303400 4.17781984 4.206841e+00 4.2326905485
## c10 . . -9.859515e-05 -0.0007471726
## c11 2.53999598 2.55494623 2.565995e+00 2.5822793082
## c12 -2.46884059 -2.49129165 -2.508754e+00 -2.5277979883
##
## 3.064464223 3.115965e+00
## danceability -0.913244693 -8.919044e-01
## energy 0.371242343 3.779536e-01
## loudness -1.064410151 -1.083877e+00
## speechiness -1.103264668 -1.134243e+00
## acousticness . 9.461405e-05
## instrumentalness . .
## liveness . .
## valence 3.435828444 3.444861e+00
## tempo -2.004072798 -2.005347e+00
## track.duration_ms 2.961083644 2.977375e+00
## C . .
## `C#|Db` . .
## D . .
## `D#|Eb` . .
## E . .
## F 6.338403494 6.391761e+00
## `F#|Gb` 0.361718479 3.683381e-01
## G -4.061904657 -4.097748e+00
## `G#|Ab` 1.174103989 1.183481e+00
## A 0.547736168 5.420442e-01
## `A#|Bb` . .
## B -1.092254251 -1.109361e+00
## c01 2.789651430 2.811561e+00
## c02 5.450558435 5.449857e+00
## c03 -8.554147226 -8.601209e+00
## c04 5.920831846 5.963750e+00
## c05 -0.135538449 -1.427891e-01
## c06 -2.962854077 -2.981246e+00
## c07 -0.039748304 -3.496600e-02
## c08 -0.446074299 -4.581470e-01
## c09 4.263108090 4.282612e+00
## c10 -0.006132582 -1.289530e-02
## c11 2.592476641 2.595851e+00
## c12 -2.548143008 -2.560296e+00
##
## $`Indie Pop`
## 35 x 100 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"## [[ suppressing 100 column names 's0', 's1', 's2' ... ]]##
## -7.285839e-17 -0.001539806 -0.005168533 -0.009868875
## danceability . . . .
## energy . . . .
## loudness . . . .
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness . 0.123295905 0.232401724 0.331210620
## instrumentalness . . . .
## liveness . . . .
## valence . . . .
## tempo . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . .
## D . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . .
## E . . . .
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . .
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 . . . .
## c04 . . . .
## c05 . . . .
## c06 . . . .
## c07 . . . .
## c08 . . . .
## c09 . . . .
## c10 . . . .
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -0.01488557 -0.01992747 -0.0248026 -0.02933773 -0.03356541
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.42225883 0.50717602 0.5870556 0.66271810 0.72045070
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . -0.02106544
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.03765738 -0.0415224 -0.0451860 -0.04827811 -0.049484217
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.76010104 0.7979697 0.8323856 0.86561090 0.900662979
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . 0.004839952
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -0.06428247 -0.1061715 -0.1420501 -0.17485862 -0.210887698
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . 0.008614359
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.05175403 -0.05770704 -0.06550099 -0.07449121 -0.08559369
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.90298258 0.87565289 0.85525123 0.83333569 0.80237069
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 0.02484375 0.08239705 0.13659690 0.18643458 0.23841788
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 0.02156402 0.09257354 0.15741529 0.21910568 0.27645217
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B 0.03012687 0.06431283 0.09657049 0.12944906 0.15939344
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -0.26809655 -0.35419744 -0.43291487 -0.51858282 -0.60878597
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . -0.02453557
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.05714421 0.11042438 0.15361140 0.18957359 0.22926696
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.09721579 -0.10770852 -0.11895365 -0.13063000 -0.14355076
## danceability -0.02234334 -0.06468146 -0.11328963 -0.16276007 -0.21429531
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.76245314 0.73251825 0.70687105 0.68872741 0.67666949
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 0.29444541 0.35146050 0.41456981 0.48117503 0.54227191
## `D#|Eb` . . -0.03158739 -0.07587134 -0.12174702
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 0.33602562 0.38597800 0.43238025 0.47918947 0.52154301
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B 0.19064145 0.21947095 0.23477176 0.24375288 0.25117670
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -0.70848049 -0.80631195 -0.90358805 -0.99924618 -1.08161899
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 -0.04816595 -0.06397314 -0.07228661 -0.07620988 -0.08098322
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.27645754 0.30987377 0.34777310 0.38746112 0.42394663
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.15892248 -0.17101173 -0.18297629 -0.1985757 -0.2133825
## danceability -0.26488887 -0.31764234 -0.34452618 -0.3499627 -0.3131933
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.66177480 0.62023098 0.57808690 0.5281747 0.4736125
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 0.60291244 0.66431494 0.72391170 0.7918965 0.8527208
## `D#|Eb` -0.16012935 -0.19933824 -0.23087517 -0.2572921 -0.2733290
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 0.55995294 0.59294738 0.64603787 0.7084747 0.7707612
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B 0.26129583 0.27287555 0.28914004 0.3091546 0.3361455
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -1.15824919 -1.20302413 -1.28090697 -1.3690816 -1.4667752
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 -0.08158623 -0.08234395 -0.03163435 . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.45734272 0.47830553 0.51133864 0.5428641 0.5722612
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.22749874 -0.240931055 -0.25563422 -0.2682458 -0.27891416
## danceability -0.27276870 -0.224409522 -0.17502115 -0.1320092 -0.05406462
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . 0.001017773 . . .
## acousticness 0.43067840 0.405010182 0.38986254 0.3723834 0.35008374
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . 0.014206497 0.06216438 0.1128244 0.17686529
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 0.91131259 0.966968503 1.01564143 1.0657442 1.10771410
## `D#|Eb` -0.29474837 -0.321363078 -0.35091622 -0.3756067 -0.36888730
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 0.83385020 0.896269231 0.96020880 1.0112211 1.05714793
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.01361663 0.058521073 0.10190597 0.1431594 0.18556139
## B 0.35920834 0.385644952 0.41740154 0.4285180 0.46587459
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -1.57462309 -1.683113600 -1.78740214 -1.8690246 -1.95948181
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.60451183 0.632924921 0.66078287 0.6665671 0.66269074
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . -0.012937584 -0.02932028 . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.2878713 -0.2957060 -0.3003124 -0.3023211 -0.3031685
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.3373574 0.3342415 0.3284165 0.3116657 0.2771226
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.2473562 0.3086056 0.3684270 0.4029237 0.4243901
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 1.1569434 1.2066339 1.2653710 1.3292549 1.3949123
## `D#|Eb` -0.3941490 -0.4427591 -0.4849748 -0.5126669 -0.5348798
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.1131013 1.1708698 1.2320291 1.2969718 1.3671238
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2099498 0.2392680 0.2567765 0.2594698 0.2671042
## B 0.5045394 0.5359600 0.5719168 0.6143070 0.6597637
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -2.0615564 -2.1688437 -2.2785199 -2.3913754 -2.5098096
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.6633755 0.6717476 0.6869490 0.7219103 0.7712363
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.29967643 -0.2825418 -0.2675073 -0.2549803 -0.2426813
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.24715821 0.2094176 0.1706929 0.1362865 0.1023151
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.44152106 0.4464512 0.4483075 0.4630245 0.4844125
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 1.46398678 1.5382022 1.5965353 1.6363301 1.6702419
## `D#|Eb` -0.55251112 -0.5585295 -0.5673134 -0.5934803 -0.6219315
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.43574160 1.4934220 1.5574640 1.6188399 1.6810659
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.27037691 0.2656226 0.2658053 0.2660372 0.2649892
## B 0.69675637 0.6944864 0.6847466 0.6714343 0.6624968
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -2.63801014 -2.7919864 -2.9795145 -3.1364009 -3.2892276
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.81254230 0.8071410 0.8097900 0.8438368 0.8865920
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.04059337 -0.1493537 -0.2281940 -0.2449967 -0.2448961
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.22185679 -0.19351695 -0.1584897 -0.1121774 -0.0608902
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness 0.06619239 0.03372079 . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.50843360 0.52653985 0.5433027 0.5572535 0.5696287
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 1.69452424 1.71288891 1.7383295 1.7715100 1.8215075
## `D#|Eb` -0.65563457 -0.71062634 -0.7691781 -0.8293083 -0.8769637
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.74450208 1.78982175 1.8264540 1.8352831 1.8352243
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.25927262 0.24439357 0.2266904 0.2196868 0.2157421
## B 0.65835536 0.64956369 0.6381855 0.6031935 0.5661842
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -3.43204482 -3.54793740 -3.6575927 -3.7461100 -3.8262965
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.92636095 0.95668728 0.9694655 0.9656440 0.9551090
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.24457205 -0.25762809 -0.2864068 -0.3298000 -0.3662949
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.008366388 0.04356768 0.09430913 0.1431169 0.1910016
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.582477192 0.59745158 0.61491829 0.6413152 0.6700020
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 1.879190634 1.94396323 2.01553921 2.0841063 2.1499864
## `D#|Eb` -0.914514495 -0.94462980 -0.96782555 -0.9793844 -0.9871056
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.829108083 1.81796097 1.80294052 1.7912513 1.7853175
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.214705938 0.21678202 0.22039651 0.2209651 0.2190540
## B 0.528706674 0.49166762 0.45676018 0.4326244 0.4146151
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -3.903008353 -3.97429156 -4.03953280 -4.1064369 -4.1779340
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.936221558 0.90901783 0.87547882 0.8442944 0.8196347
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.401896938 -0.43700093 -0.47083838 -0.4954215 -0.5141937
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.2380328 0.2843621 0.3303851 0.3787012 0.4249879
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.6993429 0.7290142 0.7594979 0.7930156 0.8283925
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 2.2154388 2.2791700 2.3435288 2.4068077 2.4678202
## `D#|Eb` -0.9929558 -0.9984726 -1.0034573 -1.0070796 -1.0151973
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.7821292 1.7825586 1.7820485 1.7734634 1.7661664
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2164646 0.2127321 0.2113820 0.2174039 0.2244191
## B 0.3992584 0.3868304 0.3742573 0.3565036 0.3384158
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -4.2519153 -4.3285119 -4.4077233 -4.4890929 -4.5748371
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.7983508 0.7820243 0.7678559 0.7492505 0.7349962
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.5301127 -0.5428768 -0.5527487 -0.5627979 -0.5706886
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.4699684 0.5137711 0.5565932 0.5985300 0.6397070
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 0.8640829 0.8995371 0.9345921 0.9693910 1.0037405
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 2.5288968 2.5885735 2.6470701 2.7045628 2.7606705
## `D#|Eb` -1.0244999 -1.0348527 -1.0454264 -1.0555325 -1.0646435
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.7592678 1.7544463 1.7518872 1.7518897 1.7544978
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2325149 0.2404547 0.2479863 0.2547377 0.2601078
## B 0.3196636 0.3013091 0.2834936 0.2667335 0.2513479
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -4.6638162 -4.7567264 -4.8538436 -4.9547454 -5.0598691
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.7227858 0.7149650 0.7113200 0.7113820 0.7161478
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.5777513 -0.5829864 -0.5866151 -0.5889278 -0.5893329
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.6802031 0.7193533 0.7599812 0.8002457 0.8419051
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.0377400 1.0716919 1.1065613 1.1417704 1.1753009
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 2.8158956 2.8682879 2.9183881 2.9638031 3.0114011
## `D#|Eb` -1.0738507 -1.0838615 -1.0941174 -1.1056152 -1.1123367
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.7588230 1.7660393 1.7714632 1.7803885 1.7893043
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2651407 0.2682164 0.2712354 0.2721715 0.2743764
## B 0.2366172 0.2242870 0.2134050 0.2069806 0.1999640
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -5.1674285 -5.2768911 -5.3829891 -5.4858925 -5.5917089
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.7243634 0.7380476 0.7568734 0.7825895 0.8072540
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.5879957 -0.5840996 -0.5776767 -0.5681981 -0.5597874
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.8806079 0.9220428 0.9611701 1.0006369 1.0378588
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.2095167 1.2419258 1.2754614 1.3064863 1.3380603
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 3.0579345 3.1069574 3.1534476 3.2015664 3.2486811
## `D#|Eb` -1.1215528 -1.1266133 -1.1363315 -1.1406814 -1.1473901
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.8030588 1.8167083 1.8343396 1.8536855 1.8768461
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2749622 0.2752157 0.2740250 0.2722883 0.2690427
## B 0.1975852 0.1927661 0.1904631 0.1894356 0.1903705
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -5.6947294 -5.8024321 -5.9087897 -6.0177117 -6.1262386
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.8331918 0.8576190 0.8852987 0.9131383 0.9423981
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.5507958 -0.5429421 -0.5329958 -0.5224775 -0.5113964
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.0751472 1.1112623 1.1458290 1.1799084 1.2157559
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.3694246 1.4001516 1.4311991 1.4613989 1.4906473
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 3.2935629 3.3386427 3.3826414 3.4264317 3.4709396
## `D#|Eb` -1.1536445 -1.1577650 -1.1622736 -1.1656551 -1.1628731
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 1.9029952 1.9325043 1.9657023 2.0017761 2.0396926
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2637655 0.2572216 0.2492828 0.2395114 0.2290485
## B 0.1940326 0.2000533 0.2090115 0.2195652 0.2328994
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -6.2368295 -6.3498391 -6.4626274 -6.5775002 -6.6961761
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 0.9771497 1.0156081 1.0555744 1.0978984 1.1425250
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.4963751 -0.4787463 -0.4595299 -0.4389684 -0.4144248
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.2479120 1.2811856 1.3125880 1.3425516 1.3730123
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.5215182 1.5510928 1.5820565 1.6124917 1.6406222
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 3.5143751 3.5573719 3.6030203 3.6506989 3.6997494
## `D#|Eb` -1.1661929 -1.1620914 -1.1592425 -1.1608926 -1.1615068
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 2.0800659 2.1238054 2.1693055 2.2185307 2.2687230
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.2185873 0.2064658 0.1955767 0.1861402 0.1781572
## B 0.2472312 0.2645950 0.2828772 0.3000152 0.3160266
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -6.8133259 -6.9340557 -7.0569209 -7.1830580 -7.3137915
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 1.1888508 1.2370743 1.2851461 1.3347574 1.3861655
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.3887210 -0.3599960 -0.3299605 -0.2992203 -0.2672747
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.4029733 1.4320409 1.4632359 1.4883990 1.51458331
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.6683172 1.6937312 1.7184244 1.7408796 1.76339115
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 3.7513603 3.8053805 3.8625035 3.9212379 3.98294829
## `D#|Eb` -1.1595592 -1.1558608 -1.1451260 -1.1441507 -1.14599827
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 2.3197815 2.3718929 2.4252102 2.4752854 2.52629377
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.1685335 0.1584328 0.1485749 0.1463817 0.14318910
## B 0.3340842 0.3529985 0.3740026 0.3885248 0.39989517
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -7.4458968 -7.5809941 -7.7205631 -7.8637927 -8.00998904
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 1.4395454 1.4946105 1.5519775 1.6050378 1.65806947
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.2347720 -0.2019729 -0.1657455 -0.1314213 -0.09876207
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.54042902 1.56349653 1.5883343 1.6146970 1.6170400
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.78594107 1.80870830 1.8310026 1.8529531 1.8731684
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 4.04581419 4.11079298 4.1778682 4.2522050 4.3219808
## `D#|Eb` -1.14775272 -1.15617766 -1.1632550 -1.1751392 -1.2090935
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 2.57821629 2.63113814 2.6846271 2.7379174 2.7894608
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.13972541 0.13891276 0.1367551 0.1309474 0.1307742
## B 0.41110733 0.42078991 0.4285766 0.4219517 0.4200490
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -8.15861409 -8.30845962 -8.4634478 -8.6196047 -8.7619685
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 1.71216116 1.76830321 1.8239825 1.8573220 1.8983816
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 -0.06559573 -0.03144625 . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.6247358 1.6291492 1.6437199 1.6458777 1.6513708
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness 1.8919581 1.9073318 1.9105955 1.9287234 1.9413185
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D 4.3928922 4.4633739 4.5366567 4.6220745 4.6968123
## `D#|Eb` -1.2456791 -1.2793637 -1.3165864 -1.3560579 -1.3801807
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G 2.8461939 2.9035106 2.9674777 3.0249189 3.0812263
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` 0.1316007 0.1359885 0.1388715 0.1435927 0.1450337
## B 0.4160779 0.4151589 0.4163778 0.4081856 0.4065649
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 -8.9205987 -9.0825884 -9.2489655 -9.4344815 -9.6125854
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 1.9486230 1.9988049 2.0481915 2.1091988 2.1662550
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 1.6754007
## danceability .
## energy .
## loudness .
## speechiness .
## acousticness .
## instrumentalness .
## liveness 1.9336572
## valence .
## tempo .
## track.duration_ms .
## C .
## `C#|Db` .
## D 4.7686727
## `D#|Eb` -1.4225359
## E .
## F .
## `F#|Gb` .
## G 3.1325851
## `G#|Ab` .
## A .
## `A#|Bb` 0.1546062
## B 0.4045815
## c01 .
## c02 -9.7656272
## c03 .
## c04 .
## c05 .
## c06 2.2268896
## c07 .
## c08 .
## c09 .
## c10 .
## c11 .
## c12 .
##
## $`Indie x Running`
## 35 x 100 sparse Matrix of class "dgCMatrix"## [[ suppressing 100 column names 's0', 's1', 's2' ... ]]##
## 2.081668e-17 0.0007794152 0.002589912 0.004908411 0.007428581
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.009964488 0.01240138 0.01466853 0.01678232 0.0188286
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . . .
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . . . . .
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.02076099 0.02105870 0.01925395 0.01585099 0.01315430
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . . .
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` . . . 0.01208795 0.04596707
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 . 0.02102659 0.05484480 0.07386282 0.09059758
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . . . . .
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 . . . . .
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.012441088 1.285833e-02 0.01417112 0.016756745 0.02026075
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo . . . 0.006997163 0.04072726
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` 0.080486288 1.131679e-01 0.14062292 0.167022775 0.18910817
## E . . . 0.009627684 0.02034858
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . . . . .
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 0.112315967 1.355542e-01 0.15100038 0.156571692 0.16526227
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 . 6.595936e-05 0.02917087 0.056986842 0.08361520
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . 0.001279450 0.01810675
## c10 0.001277234 1.722370e-02 0.03113929 0.044245169 0.05187487
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.02517842 0.03204656 0.040855457 0.05200122 0.06750586
## danceability . . . . .
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness . . . . .
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo 0.07226470 0.09849774 0.117681671 0.13409793 0.15101410
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` 0.21380654 0.23043280 0.245922320 0.26101069 0.28565241
## E 0.03159145 0.02566946 0.001297986 . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . . . . .
## `A#|Bb` . -0.02291764 -0.069916540 -0.09876052 -0.11987393
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 0.17153003 0.17694152 0.181708936 0.18984330 0.20558807
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.11909023 0.15619850 0.194260892 0.22572949 0.25553572
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 0.02559296 0.02952586 0.032297374 0.02646799 0.01560646
## c10 0.06846934 0.08402194 0.097280894 0.11553185 0.13561626
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.06945985 0.06694427 0.06494791 0.06193878 0.05775528
## danceability . 0.06670627 0.15028932 0.25204695 0.35683216
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -0.09494244 -0.18868866 -0.27678614 -0.37873293 -0.48167683
## instrumentalness . . . . .
## liveness . . . . .
## valence . . . . .
## tempo 0.16272318 0.17630341 0.18324177 0.18670389 0.18227567
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` 0.31108596 0.33507692 0.35917492 0.38468283 0.41041780
## E . . . . .
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A . -0.02925303 -0.06678734 -0.10850924 -0.14863391
## `A#|Bb` -0.14169020 -0.16460483 -0.19098982 -0.22007585 -0.24624142
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 0.22892741 0.30439096 0.38803049 0.41997933 0.43934716
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.27054885 0.27709096 0.28512098 0.29283428 0.30032955
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 0.15910997 0.16135170 0.17126834 0.18728166 0.20080122
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## 0.0500250256 0.040622720 0.02630125 0.008189218
## danceability 0.4641601993 0.574723006 0.70860556 0.843816237
## energy . . . .
## loudness . . . .
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -0.5960400479 -0.717109558 -0.86792961 -1.026749424
## instrumentalness . . . .
## liveness . . . .
## valence -0.0007163294 -0.014283168 -0.05083867 -0.064326085
## tempo 0.1633051515 0.145141743 0.12550211 0.100053038
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . .
## D . . . .
## `D#|Eb` 0.4395964733 0.479594910 0.54183114 0.606846711
## E . . . 0.040862686
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -0.1832040212 -0.216662400 -0.25899114 -0.310522598
## `A#|Bb` -0.2624982971 -0.275298948 -0.27737173 -0.249832311
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 0.4503347626 0.457940051 0.47070680 0.488686453
## c04 . . . .
## c05 . . . .
## c06 . . . .
## c07 0.3044118984 0.307865412 0.31589951 0.320155033
## c08 . . . .
## c09 . . . .
## c10 0.2119766113 0.227309091 0.27685339 0.322167122
## c11 . 0.001982773 0.03070870 0.050496591
## c12 . . . .
##
## -0.01294055 -0.03967657 -0.07407117 -0.11156180 -0.15039268
## danceability 0.96499960 1.06341603 1.17230186 1.29509767 1.42175447
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -1.17898591 -1.34261281 -1.52618596 -1.74051323 -1.98923809
## instrumentalness . . -0.02043282 -0.05091426 -0.07170981
## liveness . . . -0.02646954 -0.06601777
## valence -0.07756658 -0.10367980 -0.13275100 -0.16163595 -0.19374980
## tempo 0.07621244 0.05570817 0.03968835 0.02828565 0.02162203
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . .
## D . . . . .
## `D#|Eb` 0.64282638 0.66811815 0.71409273 0.78722554 0.86715497
## E 0.06956750 0.09429964 0.10984705 0.11213913 0.09898559
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -0.37270999 -0.43099342 -0.48669632 -0.53864247 -0.58410982
## `A#|Bb` -0.23918039 -0.22821905 -0.23412738 -0.26710817 -0.30749105
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 0.51734244 0.54827392 0.58587769 0.62753291 0.66766712
## c04 . . . . .
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.32878091 0.33813658 0.35148321 0.36891304 0.38868809
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 . . . . .
## c10 0.37572492 0.43001496 0.48689981 0.54624891 0.60390147
## c11 0.06323465 0.08147023 0.09508194 0.09214969 0.07505494
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.19359747 -0.244386093 -0.2945729429 -0.34737707
## danceability 1.55928609 1.703882624 1.8482090104 2.03689800
## energy . . . .
## loudness . . . .
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -2.25196326 -2.530025033 -2.7881200589 -3.03414449
## instrumentalness -0.08698410 -0.096788073 -0.1095633816 -0.12423763
## liveness -0.11095756 -0.160624733 -0.2075105464 -0.26357790
## valence -0.22970828 -0.276725666 -0.3228995928 -0.34258452
## tempo 0.01049226 0.001504558 0.0007865707 0.01654843
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . .
## D . -0.002132657 -0.0251825441 -0.07078610
## `D#|Eb` 0.95631930 1.060548107 1.1615307828 1.28067361
## E 0.08895343 0.083622515 0.0806385232 0.08689251
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -0.62709207 -0.659425573 -0.6919573860 -0.73265610
## `A#|Bb` -0.35036234 -0.388139111 -0.4211398602 -0.46263832
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 0.70977472 0.728049395 0.7305215785 0.82571653
## c04 . . . -0.10529674
## c05 . . . .
## c06 . . . .
## c07 0.40825952 0.434907799 0.4720385641 0.51889858
## c08 . . . .
## c09 . . . -0.04312021
## c10 0.67109832 0.743816395 0.8068551648 0.87350295
## c11 0.03448914 . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -0.40240783 -0.46368427 -0.53198476 -0.6097099 -0.69815106
## danceability 2.23312758 2.42443522 2.61338992 2.7950399 2.98739381
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -3.27926840 -3.54571882 -3.82683128 -4.1366859 -4.46543612
## instrumentalness -0.13738656 -0.16309649 -0.20135959 -0.2371025 -0.27757746
## liveness -0.32208721 -0.37886852 -0.43874798 -0.5029965 -0.56317443
## valence -0.35406275 -0.36677798 -0.38160704 -0.3906829 -0.41442902
## tempo 0.04044881 0.06635749 0.09787480 0.1318771 0.14291269
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` . . . . 0.04770338
## D -0.12150704 -0.18079378 -0.23699675 -0.2876174 -0.33613632
## `D#|Eb` 1.40028940 1.51286019 1.60425589 1.6928016 1.81907357
## E 0.09977340 0.09814750 0.09911826 0.1024158 0.13064218
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -0.77751864 -0.82372031 -0.84786970 -0.8587489 -0.85847215
## `A#|Bb` -0.50312666 -0.55871424 -0.62257880 -0.6882138 -0.72450577
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 0.94279414 1.05619472 1.15809762 1.2494953 1.35326471
## c04 -0.23405494 -0.35500437 -0.46652732 -0.5721079 -0.67949476
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.56911161 0.62367659 0.68520087 0.7510728 0.79323107
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 -0.09257955 -0.13935159 -0.18635394 -0.2242196 -0.26202541
## c10 0.94288443 1.01716485 1.09854130 1.1809998 1.26803813
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -0.7917912 -0.8895228 -0.9878082 -1.0851124 -1.1819197
## danceability 3.1777419 3.3721260 3.5670767 3.7607436 3.9363049
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . . .
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -4.8117213 -5.1704743 -5.5335230 -5.8987560 -6.2573890
## instrumentalness -0.3086605 -0.3362563 -0.3616365 -0.3845658 -0.4079570
## liveness -0.6278812 -0.6950815 -0.7629862 -0.8317351 -0.8987394
## valence -0.4310421 -0.4472826 -0.4652821 -0.4848383 -0.4940300
## tempo 0.1523523 0.1560146 0.1530059 0.1461075 0.1414182
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 0.1050417 0.1772738 0.2640871 0.3618592 0.4603019
## D -0.3749079 -0.4101336 -0.4401955 -0.4642359 -0.4896150
## `D#|Eb` 1.9646257 2.1296096 2.3095528 2.5012243 2.6942974
## E 0.1714914 0.2296231 0.3063959 0.3992579 0.4942599
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -0.8535873 -0.8539644 -0.8622574 -0.8783578 -0.8964340
## `A#|Bb` -0.7513058 -0.7634266 -0.7579948 -0.7374664 -0.7164064
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 1.4830627 1.6308497 1.7912762 1.9586182 2.1223077
## c04 -0.8084040 -0.9464690 -1.0874395 -1.2278742 -1.3630575
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.8213217 0.8451554 0.8646980 0.8809350 0.8983985
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 -0.2966634 -0.3344870 -0.3782162 -0.4284476 -0.4707542
## c10 1.3487206 1.4339691 1.5253663 1.6221956 1.7168204
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -1.2775001 -1.3719610 -1.4652598 -1.558866581 -1.65795697
## danceability 4.1079753 4.2796679 4.4511652 4.625310457 4.80214411
## energy . . . . .
## loudness . . . 0.005355636 0.02160062
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -6.6099474 -6.9583080 -7.3018780 -7.643553081 -7.99339112
## instrumentalness -0.4310820 -0.4541921 -0.4775459 -0.500209467 -0.51975277
## liveness -0.9641977 -1.0283783 -1.0910859 -1.151344510 -1.20656920
## valence -0.5003126 -0.5065845 -0.5124685 -0.521079462 -0.53508108
## tempo 0.1412373 0.1423092 0.1462907 0.148343250 0.14137496
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 0.5521555 0.6416523 0.7256701 0.810823406 0.90759484
## D -0.5159187 -0.5419763 -0.5684575 -0.595252442 -0.62740182
## `D#|Eb` 2.8830968 3.0710323 3.2547089 3.440664500 3.63620763
## E 0.5834919 0.6714227 0.7545606 0.839526184 0.92943269
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -0.9155167 -0.9363708 -0.9574267 -0.980128354 -1.00290964
## `A#|Bb` -0.7007675 -0.6861827 -0.6759398 -0.663710729 -0.64275654
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 2.2838157 2.4458053 2.6062030 2.767841982 2.93558726
## c04 -1.4969586 -1.6305388 -1.7634634 -1.898157013 -2.03591459
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 0.9172082 0.9363002 0.9564108 0.975450481 0.99013036
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 -0.5088062 -0.5462235 -0.5821624 -0.620815055 -0.66132651
## c10 1.8076903 1.8972871 1.9844162 2.071877565 2.16459493
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -1.75663248 -1.85462157 -1.95156087 -2.04743802 -2.1419509
## danceability 4.98018634 5.15984118 5.34017043 5.52109970 5.7011935
## energy . . . . .
## loudness 0.03892651 0.05708787 0.07524037 0.09320092 0.1108185
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -8.33511893 -8.67222748 -9.00341009 -9.32932206 -9.6501448
## instrumentalness -0.54139855 -0.56375889 -0.58709373 -0.61101397 -0.6351256
## liveness -1.25933141 -1.31071816 -1.36096232 -1.41024793 -1.4587110
## valence -0.54755283 -0.56059313 -0.57292843 -0.58485034 -0.5961600
## tempo 0.13560185 0.12882579 0.12317953 0.11856911 0.1152829
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 1.00299288 1.09951235 1.19339857 1.28492096 1.3736525
## D -0.66161430 -0.69622290 -0.73190088 -0.76855492 -0.8058075
## `D#|Eb` 3.82731244 4.01877482 4.20766053 4.39474437 4.5798224
## E 1.01978190 1.11192868 1.20189742 1.28933846 1.3734216
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -1.02631196 -1.05116835 -1.07582671 -1.10034226 -1.1244868
## `A#|Bb` -0.62204518 -0.59955053 -0.57938213 -0.56155986 -0.5465029
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 3.10337863 3.27196415 3.43979846 3.60691116 3.7718297
## c04 -2.17576071 -2.31637909 -2.45763778 -2.59921673 -2.7397083
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 1.00576845 1.02125488 1.03720094 1.05358509 1.0706026
## c08 . . . . .
## c09 -0.70162829 -0.74256636 -0.78215688 -0.82004838 -0.8557309
## c10 2.25617260 2.34767294 2.43707558 2.52441105 2.6095106
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -2.2352658 -2.3278423 -2.4184581 -2.51269809 -2.60513807
## danceability 5.8815733 6.0628778 6.2432882 6.43438635 6.62471046
## energy . . . . .
## loudness 0.1280276 0.1447838 0.1601493 0.17792608 0.19598956
## speechiness . . . . .
## acousticness -9.9660774 -10.2787343 -10.5846050 -10.89180132 -11.19067577
## instrumentalness -0.6594216 -0.6840686 -0.7091094 -0.73563756 -0.76175749
## liveness -1.5064674 -1.5535771 -1.5998093 -1.64312714 -1.68459946
## valence -0.6073792 -0.6182327 -0.6288904 -0.64686957 -0.66740280
## tempo 0.1139636 0.1134247 0.1166161 0.11976433 0.12786311
## track.duration_ms . . . . .
## C . . . . .
## `C#|Db` 1.4597061 1.5440450 1.6241309 1.70550750 1.77795815
## D -0.8439656 -0.8829337 -0.9228394 -0.96711077 -1.01345232
## `D#|Eb` 4.7636171 4.9463029 5.1240073 5.30305290 5.47177437
## E 1.4539346 1.5320110 1.6056776 1.67938490 1.74482788
## F . . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . . .
## G . . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . . .
## A -1.1482054 -1.1717693 -1.1946776 -1.21714632 -1.23732900
## `A#|Bb` -0.5345325 -0.5245988 -0.5184001 -0.51266963 -0.51423574
## B . . . . .
## c01 . . . . .
## c02 . . . . .
## c03 3.9355936 4.0999573 4.2619575 4.42728134 4.58324422
## c04 -2.8799180 -3.0208964 -3.1605829 -3.30012468 -3.43245129
## c05 . . . . .
## c06 . . . . .
## c07 1.0885174 1.1066048 1.1262078 1.14480719 1.16487368
## c08 . . . 0.01315004 0.03560295
## c09 -0.8892099 -0.9213956 -0.9520959 -0.98640065 -1.02119086
## c10 2.6924221 2.7737828 2.8529814 2.93252474 3.00823399
## c11 . . . . .
## c12 . . . . .
##
## -2.69858246 -2.78604884 -2.8778607 -2.965820e+00
## danceability 6.81642008 6.99811977 7.1853164 7.367337e+00
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.21760673 0.23792950 0.2601906 2.819023e-01
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -11.49296926 -11.78206399 -12.0816517 -1.236897e+01
## instrumentalness -0.78736186 -0.81156266 -0.8363480 -8.598759e-01
## liveness -1.72671321 -1.76686940 -1.8074320 -1.844782e+00
## valence -0.69032888 -0.71101590 -0.7339525 -7.569945e-01
## tempo 0.13351090 0.14290798 0.1486776 1.565193e-01
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 1.85232422 1.91616595 1.9840299 2.045273e+00
## D -1.05878054 -1.10279971 -1.1463028 -1.189873e+00
## `D#|Eb` 5.64641058 5.80823864 5.9806705 6.142572e+00
## E 1.81238857 1.86976383 1.9309175 1.985860e+00
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.25971142 -1.28016977 -1.3023071 -1.322788e+00
## `A#|Bb` -0.51409467 -0.52150964 -0.5276127 -5.378771e-01
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 4.73698974 4.87978063 5.0273681 5.169908e+00
## c04 -3.56202692 -3.68461456 -3.8092487 -3.929604e+00
## c05 . . . 2.256851e-04
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.18271737 1.20256757 1.2210880 1.240774e+00
## c08 0.05923173 0.08283023 0.1059526 1.307837e-01
## c09 -1.05682078 -1.08997666 -1.1243984 -1.158854e+00
## c10 3.08430791 3.15473731 3.2261997 3.293777e+00
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -3.05356137 -3.136896087 -3.220160895 -3.30058143
## danceability 7.55038824 7.726083412 7.904284238 8.08134455
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.30377215 0.323205637 0.341962852 0.36030208
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -12.66048182 -12.941651068 -13.221899185 -13.49760385
## instrumentalness -0.88221020 -0.903009478 -0.923185858 -0.94248682
## liveness -1.88421569 -1.922222330 -1.959633061 -1.99690316
## valence -0.77976068 -0.800158572 -0.820924378 -0.84042781
## tempo 0.16384685 0.173517596 0.185558846 0.19909654
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.10816232 2.165176504 2.218213077 2.26922667
## D -1.23211699 -1.273572844 -1.316465079 -1.35897447
## `D#|Eb` 6.31137343 6.472117729 6.630676052 6.78985087
## E 2.04101216 2.090264744 2.133580218 2.17142162
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.34486037 -1.365315104 -1.385522642 -1.40613988
## `A#|Bb` -0.54820864 -0.562426444 -0.581941047 -0.60483642
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 5.31489960 5.453640721 5.594932908 5.73701786
## c04 -4.05240319 -4.171271280 -4.291708071 -4.41178697
## c05 0.00283815 0.006492072 0.008868984 0.01057208
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.25978064 1.279890261 1.301335424 1.32291332
## c08 0.15344580 0.175428804 0.196988880 0.21550662
## c09 -1.19249853 -1.224373506 -1.254543921 -1.28193724
## c10 3.36043141 3.423238129 3.484337960 3.54298563
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -3.37831275 -3.45398091 -3.53270200 -3.60588979
## danceability 8.25227523 8.42117607 8.59477491 8.75878604
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.37580368 0.39007444 0.40683374 0.42083444
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -13.76856426 -14.03678165 -14.31490620 -14.57843930
## instrumentalness -0.96054249 -0.97716781 -0.99283544 -1.00666907
## liveness -2.03418117 -2.07215615 -2.11302455 -2.15136871
## valence -0.85691638 -0.87043939 -0.88354936 -0.89346771
## tempo 0.21517069 0.23316060 0.25272911 0.27356472
## track.duration_ms . . . .
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.31511805 2.35774508 2.40203023 2.44021448
## D -1.40044356 -1.44162449 -1.48328801 -1.52339424
## `D#|Eb` 6.94288559 7.09415215 7.25432233 7.40091936
## E 2.20478695 2.23231230 2.26018042 2.28239463
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.42606725 -1.44486712 -1.46560002 -1.48409467
## `A#|Bb` -0.63113223 -0.66189263 -0.69366638 -0.72770710
## B . . . .
## c01 . . . .
## c02 . . . .
## c03 5.87527711 6.01329135 6.15778708 6.29482415
## c04 -4.52962649 -4.64829885 -4.77248582 -4.89283446
## c05 0.01322264 0.01559893 0.02005082 0.02400357
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.34566649 1.36870851 1.39237816 1.41617393
## c08 0.23238562 0.24694682 0.25983021 0.27187756
## c09 -1.30711304 -1.32819931 -1.34901058 -1.36720180
## c10 3.59891459 3.65161465 3.70506274 3.75410678
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -3.67981599 -3.752006718 -3.823514e+00 -3.895432721
## danceability 8.92250490 9.080382683 9.236575e+00 9.396555689
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.43586759 0.451616008 4.683505e-01 0.488284484
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -14.84846004 -15.113567480 -1.537344e+01 -15.636939463
## instrumentalness -1.02149385 -1.035193289 -1.047763e+00 -1.060248165
## liveness -2.19177130 -2.231053400 -2.270167e+00 -2.311824164
## valence -0.90245910 -0.909266379 -9.122771e-01 -0.913631289
## tempo 0.29568162 0.317396096 3.391076e-01 0.361457292
## track.duration_ms . -0.001574958 -8.056557e-03 -0.019672019
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.48033996 2.519062657 2.553022e+00 2.585679957
## D -1.56348289 -1.602588000 -1.640982e+00 -1.680013088
## `D#|Eb` 7.55632305 7.709475093 7.856923e+00 8.008552229
## E 2.30483399 2.324708104 2.338442e+00 2.349759628
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.50436090 -1.523882209 -1.541203e+00 -1.557172137
## `A#|Bb` -0.76262822 -0.798664781 -8.392305e-01 -0.882936282
## B . . . .
## c01 . . -6.499905e-04 -0.005185473
## c02 . . . .
## c03 6.43509206 6.573226435 6.712212e+00 6.858052210
## c04 -5.01457296 -5.135822800 -5.259410e+00 -5.390329646
## c05 0.02940339 0.036200508 4.256409e-02 0.049752716
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.44037476 1.464071000 1.487552e+00 1.512614859
## c08 0.27936963 0.285740498 2.918661e-01 0.293253500
## c09 -1.38432763 -1.399232770 -1.411082e+00 -1.422293164
## c10 3.80279659 3.847964109 3.887340e+00 3.924507445
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -3.96567539 -4.03408864 -4.10580614 -4.17171897
## danceability 9.55574746 9.71414047 9.88046327 10.03642219
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.51164678 0.53834948 0.57049022 0.60020085
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -15.90087717 -16.16311796 -16.43730398 -16.68672654
## instrumentalness -1.07126049 -1.08112796 -1.08934629 -1.10167479
## liveness -2.35278214 -2.39388634 -2.43648740 -2.47927510
## valence -0.91579878 -0.91797867 -0.92178933 -0.92943938
## tempo 0.38494647 0.40783912 0.43108992 0.44689480
## track.duration_ms -0.03401620 -0.05184069 -0.07304247 -0.09554273
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.61758377 2.64946562 2.68496834 2.72607384
## D -1.71893840 -1.75708564 -1.79652460 -1.83241902
## `D#|Eb` 8.16258673 8.31861752 8.48778688 8.64956028
## E 2.35569061 2.35812390 2.35784721 2.37849299
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.57207708 -1.58651968 -1.60218354 -1.62088763
## `A#|Bb` -0.93068637 -0.98072550 -1.03284668 -1.06871380
## B . . . .
## c01 -0.01566726 -0.03134740 -0.04851054 -0.05754167
## c02 . . . .
## c03 7.00713052 7.15984953 7.32348658 7.47275852
## c04 -5.52439479 -5.66181564 -5.80724548 -5.94704279
## c05 0.05782780 0.06670591 0.07827762 0.09632834
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.53910841 1.56588762 1.59259951 1.61405666
## c08 0.29311163 0.29050319 0.28634466 0.28650056
## c09 -1.43156377 -1.43862951 -1.44501490 -1.46115854
## c10 3.95913199 3.99043573 4.02113797 4.05151309
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -4.23887330 -4.30588612 -4.3717364 -4.4401419
## danceability 10.19327252 10.34734335 10.5005067 10.6603918
## energy . . . .
## loudness 0.63462569 0.67119711 0.7118047 0.7577481
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -16.93929156 -17.19096438 -17.4376010 -17.6914865
## instrumentalness -1.11156838 -1.12087864 -1.1287230 -1.1363681
## liveness -2.52089506 -2.56145158 -2.6012637 -2.6424240
## valence -0.93655948 -0.94444055 -0.9499490 -0.9561095
## tempo 0.46316841 0.47977093 0.4968190 0.5141302
## track.duration_ms -0.11854654 -0.14191889 -0.1673093 -0.1962839
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.76768162 2.80964710 2.8528804 2.8974800
## D -1.86872827 -1.90497880 -1.9412912 -1.9796737
## `D#|Eb` 8.81154585 8.97340918 9.1314635 9.2971031
## E 2.39487348 2.40988164 2.4228818 2.4339264
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.63785135 -1.65434018 -1.6692528 -1.6843241
## `A#|Bb` -1.10749096 -1.14686189 -1.1855127 -1.2274521
## B . . . .
## c01 -0.07262948 -0.08968489 -0.1107382 -0.1336014
## c02 . . . .
## c03 7.62496228 7.77596404 7.9294181 8.0912887
## c04 -6.09094923 -6.23443291 -6.3799845 -6.5328500
## c05 0.11477089 0.13432816 0.1549084 0.1765725
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.63464307 1.65395503 1.6724582 1.6907091
## c08 0.28549511 0.28396981 0.2807228 0.2757688
## c09 -1.47507004 -1.48766539 -1.4988809 -1.5104625
## c10 4.08002025 4.10689173 4.1313973 4.1554476
## c11 . . . .
## c12 . . . .
##
## -4.505506e+00 -4.534746e+00 -4.573720e+00 -4.607480e+00
## danceability 1.081861e+01 1.092186e+01 1.106616e+01 1.120979e+01
## energy . . . -1.908506e-04
## loudness 8.080963e-01 8.467776e-01 8.928080e-01 9.422986e-01
## speechiness . . . .
## acousticness -1.793064e+01 -1.807091e+01 -1.825085e+01 -1.841710e+01
## instrumentalness -1.144149e+00 -1.150969e+00 -1.162199e+00 -1.173932e+00
## liveness -2.679273e+00 -2.702826e+00 -2.731314e+00 -2.760133e+00
## valence -9.648256e-01 -9.778291e-01 -9.853715e-01 -9.935167e-01
## tempo 5.296286e-01 5.360728e-01 5.472136e-01 5.554175e-01
## track.duration_ms -2.307583e-01 -2.579652e-01 -2.854954e-01 -3.130431e-01
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 2.940885e+00 2.969217e+00 2.997293e+00 3.020875e+00
## D -2.016292e+00 -2.041660e+00 -2.069398e+00 -2.096867e+00
## `D#|Eb` 9.459823e+00 9.563878e+00 9.687273e+00 9.811587e+00
## E 2.440202e+00 2.441235e+00 2.449732e+00 2.457929e+00
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.696605e+00 -1.703510e+00 -1.711519e+00 -1.720313e+00
## `A#|Bb` -1.270453e+00 -1.304618e+00 -1.340447e+00 -1.377298e+00
## B . . . .
## c01 -1.640441e-01 -1.985202e-01 -2.465101e-01 -2.923522e-01
## c02 . . . .
## c03 8.252743e+00 8.358306e+00 8.483919e+00 8.606298e+00
## c04 -6.682942e+00 -6.786998e+00 -6.911306e+00 -7.034393e+00
## c05 1.971135e-01 2.088314e-01 2.240054e-01 2.381551e-01
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.707136e+00 1.721672e+00 1.754895e+00 1.792570e+00
## c08 2.715660e-01 2.733709e-01 2.691998e-01 2.625466e-01
## c09 -1.521192e+00 -1.525106e+00 -1.533208e+00 -1.542498e+00
## c10 4.175711e+00 4.184659e+00 4.203365e+00 4.222467e+00
## c11 . . . .
## c12 6.150889e-05 1.215092e-04 1.516568e-04 2.913419e-04
##
## -4.666193e+00 -4.690661e+00 -4.715835e+00 -4.791366102
## danceability 1.138124e+01 1.154163e+01 1.168897e+01 11.880296775
## energy . -1.339834e-02 -3.107019e-02 -0.033129305
## loudness 1.005632e+00 1.071925e+00 1.135802e+00 1.213922101
## speechiness . . . 0.022254558
## acousticness -1.865035e+01 -1.880490e+01 -1.895647e+01 -19.212544689
## instrumentalness -1.173992e+00 -1.188315e+00 -1.199832e+00 -1.201215485
## liveness -2.794859e+00 -2.825342e+00 -2.848895e+00 -2.887151258
## valence -9.902153e-01 -1.005951e+00 -1.029402e+00 -1.038851626
## tempo 5.648692e-01 5.701735e-01 5.726496e-01 0.574976887
## track.duration_ms -3.419948e-01 -3.800601e-01 -4.153261e-01 -0.451027006
## C . . . .
## `C#|Db` 3.054212e+00 3.069293e+00 3.090385e+00 3.144934394
## D -2.125222e+00 -2.155920e+00 -2.180745e+00 -2.211595360
## `D#|Eb` 9.939678e+00 1.008250e+01 1.022111e+01 10.354414212
## E 2.451747e+00 2.451188e+00 2.453041e+00 2.450575531
## F . . . .
## `F#|Gb` . . . .
## G . . . .
## `G#|Ab` . . . .
## A -1.732642e+00 -1.739532e+00 -1.751946e+00 -1.765771581
## `A#|Bb` -1.428150e+00 -1.473387e+00 -1.513608e+00 -1.564152774
## B . . . .
## c01 -3.689428e-01 -4.026592e-01 -4.365425e-01 -0.531671874
## c02 . . . .
## c03 8.779523e+00 8.904957e+00 9.026508e+00 9.233196714
## c04 -7.197661e+00 -7.327904e+00 -7.449881e+00 -7.634705067
## c05 2.505782e-01 2.612837e-01 2.708456e-01 0.282287039
## c06 . . . .
## c07 1.833425e+00 1.868429e+00 1.904048e+00 1.948335436
## c08 2.438494e-01 2.344519e-01 2.216444e-01 0.192805111
## c09 -1.540909e+00 -1.556337e+00 -1.572055e+00 -1.579054163
## c10 4.237437e+00 4.255092e+00 4.269727e+00 4.275900065
## c11 . . . .
## c12 3.717348e-04 7.191704e-04 8.126196e-04 0.001336584Decision Trees
Decision trees are nicely intuitive, and perform somewhat better here.
indie_tree <- decision_tree(mode = 'classification') %>% set_engine('C5.0')
predict_tree <- function(split)
fit(indie_tree, playlist ~ ., data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_tree)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
metric_set(accuracy, kap, j_index)(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## # A tibble: 3 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 accuracy multiclass 0.5
## 2 kap multiclass 0.25
## 3 j_index macro 0.25We can look at the whole tree with the summary command.
Be careful not to read too much into the actual numerical values,
however: remember that the features were standardised before we started
classification. Without cross-validation, the algorithm looks much
better from the summary than it actually was in practice, but we can
still see that timbre features are important and chroma features
probably aren’t.
##
## Call:
## C5.0.default(x = x, y = y, trials = 1, control = C50::C5.0Control(minCases =
## 2, sample = 0))
##
##
## C5.0 [Release 2.07 GPL Edition] Wed Feb 22 00:26:02 2023
## -------------------------------
##
## Class specified by attribute `outcome'
##
## Read 60 cases (35 attributes) from undefined.data
##
## Decision tree:
##
## acousticness > -0.02638207:
## :...danceability <= 1.054778: Indie Pop (14)
## : danceability > 1.054778: Indie Party (5/1)
## acousticness <= -0.02638207:
## :...D > 1.710655: Indie Pop (2)
## D <= 1.710655:
## :...valence <= -1.325073: Indie Pop (2)
## valence > -1.325073:
## :...track.duration_ms <= -1.345573: Indie Party (4)
## track.duration_ms > -1.345573:
## :...F <= -0.4323367: Indie x Running (10/1)
## F > -0.4323367:
## :...E > 1.100125: Indie x Running (3)
## E <= 1.100125:
## :...A <= -1.751649: Indie x Running (2)
## A > -1.751649:
## :...danceability > -0.08712579: Indie Party (6)
## danceability <= -0.08712579:
## :...c08 <= 0.62099: Indie x Running (6/1)
## c08 > 0.62099: Indie Party (6/1)
##
##
## Evaluation on training data (60 cases):
##
## Decision Tree
## ----------------
## Size Errors
##
## 11 4( 6.7%) <<
##
##
## (a) (b) (c) <-classified as
## ---- ---- ----
## 19 1 (a): class Indie Party
## 1 18 1 (b): class Indie Pop
## 1 19 (c): class Indie x Running
##
##
## Attribute usage:
##
## 100.00% acousticness
## 68.33% D
## 65.00% valence
## 61.67% danceability
## 61.67% track.duration_ms
## 55.00% F
## 38.33% E
## 33.33% A
## 20.00% c08
##
##
## Time: 0.0 secsRandom Forests
indie_forest <-
rand_forest(mode = 'classification') %>% set_engine('randomForest')
predict_forest <- function(split)
fit(indie_forest, playlist ~ ., data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_forest)) %>%
unnest(pred) %>%
metric_set(accuracy, kap, j_index)(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## # A tibble: 3 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 accuracy multiclass 0.483
## 2 kap multiclass 0.225
## 3 j_index macro 0.225Random forests give us the best-quality ranking of feature
importance, and we can plot it with
randomForest::varImpPlot. Again, it is clear that timbre,
specifically Component 1 (power) and Component 11, is important. Note
that because random forests are indeed random, the accuracy and feature
rankings will vary (slightly) every time you re-run the code.
indie_class %>%
fit(indie_forest, playlist ~ ., data = .) %>%
pluck('fit') %>%
randomForest::varImpPlot()
Feature Selection
Let’s try \(k\)-NN again with just the top features. We see much better results.
predict_knn_reduced <- function(split)
fit(
indie_knn,
playlist ~ c01 + c11 + liveness + energy + acousticness,
data = analysis(split)) %>%
predict(assessment(split), type = 'class') %>%
bind_cols(assessment(split))
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn_reduced)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
metric_set(accuracy, kap, j_index)(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class)## # A tibble: 3 × 3
## .metric .estimator .estimate
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 accuracy multiclass 0.35
## 2 kap multiclass 0.0250
## 3 j_index macro 0.0250
indie_cv %>%
mutate(pred = map(splits, predict_knn_reduced)) %>% unnest(pred) %>%
conf_mat(truth = playlist, estimate = .pred_class) %>%
autoplot(type = 'mosaic')
Armed with this feature set, perhaps we can make a better plot. It’s clear that the workout list has fewer live tracks, and that the party playlist is somewhat louder and higher on Component 11 than the pop list.
indie %>%
ggplot(aes(x = c01, y = c11, colour = playlist, size = liveness)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.8) +
scale_color_brewer(type = 'qual', palette = 'Accent') +
labs(x = 'Timbre Component 1', y = 'Timbre Component 11', size = 'Liveness', colour = 'Playlist')
Deltas and Delta-Deltas (Advanced)
Although the novelty-based transformations of chroma and timbre features are not always useful for visualisations, they can be very useful for classification. Both ‘deltas’ and ‘delta-deltas’, especially for timbre features, are in regular use in music information retrieval. The code example below shows how to compute average delta chroma and timbre features instead of the ordinary average. Can you incorporate it into the classifiers above? Can you add delta-deltas, too?
indie_deltas <-
pop %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie Pop") %>%
bind_rows(
party %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie Party"),
workout %>% mutate(playlist = "Indie Workout")) %>%
mutate(playlist = factor(playlist)) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map2(segments, key, compmus_c_transpose)) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map(
segments,
mutate,
pitches = map(pitches, compmus_normalise, 'manhattan'))) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map(
segments,
mutate,
pitches = map2(pitches, lag(pitches), `-`))) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map(
segments,
mutate,
timbre = map2(timbre, lag(timbre), `-`))) %>%
mutate(
segments =
map(
segments,
slice,
-1
)
) %>%
mutate(
pitches =
map(segments,
compmus_summarise, pitches,
method = 'mean', na.rm = TRUE),
timbre =
map(
segments,
compmus_summarise, timbre,
method = 'mean', na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
mutate_at(vars(pitches, timbre), map, bind_rows) %>%
unnest(cols = c(pitches, timbre))